Without getting political, can someone explain what the impact of this might be?
Democrats wanted a federal agency to regulate consumer financial issues outside of the influence of politics. They knew some of the things they were doing would be pulled back as soon as republicans took back control of funding, so they tried to bind future congresses by guaranteeing some minimum level of funding that couldn't be reduced by Congress. This is sort of a continuation of the fight over whether the President could appoint the head of the CFPB. Republicans argued you can't set up an agency that's not accountable to the president at all, more or less that you can be part of the executive or part of congress but Congress can't set up an executive agency that is outside of the executive branch. SO democrats said we're going to set up this agency and it's going to be guaranteed funding so Congress can't influence it as much, and it's also going to be insulated from the influence of the president because he can't remove the head. SOrt of shows their belief that things would be better (rather than tyrannical) if they put technocratic bureaucrats in charge rather than leave things up to democratic processes. Courts so far have said, no, Constitution doesn't allow you to just remove things from normal checks and balances.
This particular part of it is also sort of analogous to the lawsuits over Mississippi's Adequate Education Funding. Lawyers for school districts argued that the legislature in 1997 dictated how schools would be funded going forward and future legislatures were bound by that. The courts of course found more or less that one legislature can't bind future legislatures on appropriations like that and subsequent legislatures were free to determine how to appropriate money, even if that meant funding it at a lower amount than the 1997 legislature thought schools should be funded.
ETA: All that to say, the CFPB will operate more like other government agencies. Somewhat shielded at least from voter blowback, but still able to be reigned in by Congress by controlling the purse strings and also subject to Presidential influence through the appointment of the head.